Availability and proximity of natural habitat influence cropland biodiversity in forest biomes globally

Aim Agriculture is one of the greatest pressures on biodiversity. Regional studies have shown that presence natural habitat and landscape heterogeneity are beneficial for biodiversity in agriculture, but it remains unclear whether their importance varies geographically. Here, we use local data to determine which variables most associated with patterns association between tropical non-tropical regions. Location Global terrestrial area forest biomes. Major taxa studied More than 21,000 species vertebrates, invertebrates, plants other taxa. Methods We used generalized linear mixed-effects models analyse relationships either community total abundance or richness (derived from PREDICTS database) a number site-level (predominant land land-use intensity) landscape-level (distance forest, percentage surrounding landscape, homogeneity, land-cover types fertilizer application). compared associations these Results In cases, changes were greater those intensity. Increased availability was consistent increases Landscape homogeneity also important showed different directions change Associations application generally weaker, although still magnitude measures. Main conclusions Our results highlight similarities differences local- landscape-scale had positive biodiversity, highlighting key role management maintenance croplands. Landscape-scale almost always local-scale